《討厭的東西(非文勿進)》路人某某

3、3

　　The internet: technology background
　　Internet – an interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers, linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals together互聯網-數以萬計網絡和成千上萬一個被互聯的網絡計算機，一起連接企業、教育機構、政府機構和個體
　　World Wide Web (WWW) – one the internet’s most popular services, providing access to cover one billion web pages萬維網(萬維網) -一互聯網的最普遍的服務，提供通入報道一十億個網頁

　　The internet: key technology concepts
　　(a) Packet
　　- The parcels into which digital messages are sliced for transaction over the internet數字式消息為交易被切在互聯網的小包
　　(b) Packet switching包交換
　　- A method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination到小包裡，送小包沿不同的通信通道，他們變得可利用，然後重新召集小包的切數字式消息方法，一旦他們到達在他們的目的地
　　(c) Routers路由器
　　- Special-purpose computers that interconnect the computer networks that make up the internet and route packets to their ultimate destination as they travel the internet互聯計算機網絡組成互聯網并且尋址小包對他們的最終目的地的專用計算機，當他們移動互聯網
　　- Routing algorithm – computer program that ensures packets take the best available path toward their destination發送算法-保證小包作為最佳的可利用的道路往他們的目的地的計算機程序
　　(d) Protocol協議
　　- A set of rulers for formatting, ordering compressing, and error checking messages-一套統治者為格式化，命令的壓縮和驗錯的消息
　　(e) TCP
　　- Protocol that establishes the connections among sending and receiving web computing, handles the disassembly of packets at point of transmission, and their reassembly at the receiving end建立連接在送和接受網之中計算的協議，處理小包拆卸在問題的傳輸和他們的重新組裝在接受端
　　(f) IP (internet protocol)互聯網協議
　　- Protocol that provides the internet’s addressing scheme提供互聯網的編址方案的協議

　　IP address
　　- Internet addresses expressed as 32-bit number that appear as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, such as 201.61.186.277出現作為期間以前標記的一系列的四個分開的數字的互聯網地址被表示為32位數字，例如201.61.186.27 7
　　- In the current IPv4, each of the four numbers can range form 0 to 255 allowing for up to 4 billion addresses (2 to the 32nd power)在當前IPv4，每一個四個數字可能排列形式0到255考慮到4十億個地址(2到第32力量)
　　- In IPv6, the next generation IP, the scheme uses 128-bit addresses, or about one quad trillion addresses (10 to the 15th power)在IPv6，下一代IP，計劃使用128位地址或者大約一方形字體兆地址(10到第15力量)

　　Domain Name and URL
　　- Domain name – IP address expressed in natural language域名-用自然語言表達的IP地址
　　- Domain name system (DNS) – system for expressing numeric IP addresses in natural language域名系統(DNS) -系統為表達數字IP地址用自然語言
　　- Uniform resource locator (URL) – the address used by a web browser to identify the location of content on the web通用資源定位符標準(URL) -瀏覽器用於的地址辨認內容的地點在網

　　Client/server computing客戶機/服務器計算
　　- Client/server – a model of computing in which very powerful personal computers are connected together in a network with one or more servers客戶機/服務器-模型計算在哪些非常強有力的個人計算機在網絡一起連接用一個或更多服務器
　　- Client – a very powerful personal computer that is part of a network, they can capable of displaying rich graphics, storing large files, and processing graphics and sound files客戶-是網絡的一部分的一個非常強有力個人計算機，他們能能顯示富有的圖表，存放大文件和處理圖表和聲音文件
　　- Server – networked computer dedicated to common functions that the client machines on the network need, such as storing files, software applications, utility programs such as web connections, and printers服務器-網絡的計算機致力客戶端在網絡需要，例如存放文件、軟件應用、應用程序例如網連接和打印機的共同的作用

　　Other internet protocols and utility programs其他互聯網協議和應用程序
　　(a) HTTP is the internet protocol used for transferring web pages HTTP是為轉移網頁使用的互聯網協議
　　(b) FTP is one of the original internet services, part of TCL/IP protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their client machine, and vice versa FTP是其中一項原始的網際網路服務，反之亦然一部分的允許用戶從服務器轉移文件到他們的客戶端的TCL/IP協議和
　　(c) SSL is a protocol that provides secure communications between the client and the server SSL是提供客戶和服務器之間的安全通信的協議
　　(d) E-mail
　　- SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) is the internet protocol used to send mail to a server簡單郵件傳送規約是用於的互聯網協議寄發郵件到服務器
　　- POP (post office protocol) is a protocol used by he client to retrieve mail from an internet service郵局協議)是半新的協議他檢索郵件的客戶從網際網路服務
　　(e) Telnet is a terminal emulation that runs in TCP/IP Telnet是在TCP/IP跑的終端仿真
　　(f) Finger is a utility program supported by UNIX computers that tells who is logged in, how long they have attached, and their user name手指是告訴UNIX計算機支持的一個應用程序誰登錄，他們多久附有了和他們的用戶名
　　(g) Ping is a program that allows you to check the connection between you client and the server砰是允許您檢查您之間的連接客戶和服務器的節目
　　(h) Tracert is one of server route-tracing utilities that allow you to follow the path of a message you send from your client to a remote computer on the internet Tracert是其中一項允許您走消息道路您從您的客戶在互聯網寄發到一臺遠程計算機的服務器尋址追蹤的公共事業

　　Internet service provider網絡服務提供戶
　　- Firm that provides the lowest of services in the multi-tiered internet architecture by leasing internet access to home owners, small businesses, and some large institutions變牢固通過出租對房主、小企業和一些大機關的網絡進入在多有排列的互聯網建築學提供最低服務
　　- Narrowband – the traditional telephone modem connections, now operating at 56.6 kbps窄帶-傳統電話調制解調器連接，現在運行在56.6千位/秒
　　- Broadband – refers to any communication technology that permits clients to play streaming audio and video files at acceptable speeds – generally above 1 mbps寬頻-提到允許客戶演奏流出音頻和視頻文件以可接受的速度-的所有通訊技術一般在1 mbps之上

　　ISP services level choices ISP服務水準選擇
　　- Digital subscriber line (DSL) – a telephone technology for delivering high speed access through ordinary telephone lines found in homes and businesses數字用戶線路(DSL) -電話技術為提供高速聯接通過普通的電話線在家和企業發現了
　　- Cable modern – a cable television technology that piggybacks digital access to the internet on top of the analog video cable providing television signals to a home纜繩現代-有線電視技術對互聯網的那肩扛數字式通入在提供電視信號的模式錄影纜繩頂部給家
　　- T1 – an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 1.54 mbpsT1 -一個國際電話標準為提供保證的交付在1.54 mbps的數字通信
　　- T3 – an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 43 mbpsT3 -一個國際電話標準為提供保證的交付在43 mbps的數字通信

　　Intranet and extranet內部網和企業間網路
　　- Internet – a TCP/IP network located within a single organization for purposes of communication and information processing互聯網- TCP/IP網絡位於在一個唯一組織之內為通信的目的和信息處理
　　- Extranet – formed when firms permit outsides to access their internal TCP/IP networks被形成的通信和信息處理的目的，當企業允許outsides訪問他們的內部TCP/IP網絡

　　Internet II
　　(a) Advanced network infrastructure先進的網絡基礎設施
　　(b) New networking capabilities新的網絡能力
　　- Deploying IPv6 addressing protocol部署的IPv6演講協議
　　- Deploying and implementing new quality if services technologies部署和實施新的質量，如果服務技術
　　- Deploying more effective routing practices部署更加有效的發送實踐
　　- Coordinating the interconnection of the different components of the interent2 infrastructure協調interent2基礎設施的不同的組分的互聯
　　- Creating an infrastructure to efficiently handle one-to-many communications創造基礎設施高效率地處理一對許多通信
　　(c) Advance applications – distributed computation, virtual laboratories, digital libraries, distributed learning, tele-immersion, and a synthesis of all these working in combination先遣應用-分佈的計算、真正實驗室，數字式圖書館，分佈的學會，遠浸沒和運作在組合的綜合所有這些

　　Internet II technologies
　　(a) IP multicasting – a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network IP多點傳送-在網絡使能數據高效率的交付到許多地點的一套技術
　　(b) Latency solutions潛在因素解答
　　- Differentiate between high-priority and low-priority packets區分在特別優先權和低優先級的小包之間
　　- Diffserve – a new technology that assigns levels of priority to packets based on the type of data being transmitted Diffserve -分配優先權的水平到小包的一種新技術根據被傳送的數據的種類

　　Benefits of internet II technologies
　　- Guaranteed services levels – possible to purchase the right to move data through the network at a guaranteed speed in return for higher fees保證的服務水準-可能購買權利通過網絡移動數據以保證的速度以換取更高的費
　　- Lower error rates – improved capacity and packet switching will inevitably impact the quality of data transmission更低的誤差率-被改進的容量和包交換將不可避免地衝擊質量數據傳輸
　　- Declining costs – more users means lower costs, as products and technology catch on in the mass market下降的費用-更多用戶手段低成本，產品和技術在大量經營風行

　　Development of the web
　　- Mosaic – web browser with a graphical user interface that made it possible to view documents on the web graphically馬賽克-瀏覽器與在網使成為可能圖解查驗文件的一個圖形用戶界面
　　- Universal computing – the sharing of files, information, graphics, sound, video, and other objects across all computer platforms in the world, regardless of operating system普遍性計算-分享文件、信息、圖表、聲音、錄影和其他對象橫跨所有計算機平臺在世界上，不管操作系統
　　- Netscape Navigator – the first commercial web browser Netscape Navigator -第一臺商業瀏覽器
　　- Internet explorer (IE) – Microsoft’s web browser Internet Explorer (IE) -微軟的瀏覽器

　　Hypertext超文件
　　- way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect documents to one another, and that also link pages to other objects such sound, video, or animation files格式化頁方式以連接文件到互相，并且與其他對象也連接頁這樣聲音、錄影或者動畫文件的嵌入鏈接
　　- Uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) followed by the universal resource locator (URL) to locate an document or object用途超文件傳輸協定(HTTP)被普遍資源定位器(URL)跟隨找出文件或對象

　　Markup languages標記語言
　　- Standard generalized markup (SGML) – an early version of generalized markup language標準廣義標註(SGML) -廣義標記語言的一個早版本
　　- Hypertext markup language (HTML) – one of the next generation of GMLs that is relatively easy to use in web page design, HTML provides web page designers with a fixed set of markup “tags” that are used to format a web page超文本標記語言標準(HTML) -一是相對地易使用的在網頁設計的下一代GMLs， HTML提供用於格式化網頁的網頁設計師以固定的套標註「標記」
　　- Extensible markup language – a new markup language specification developed by W3C that is designed to describe data and information可擴充置標語言-被設計描述數據和信息的W3C開發的一個新的標記語言規格

　　Web server and client網絡服務器和客戶
　　(a) Web server software enables a computer to deliver web pages written in HTML to client machines on a network that request this services by sending an HTTP request網絡服務器軟件使計算機提供在HTML寫的網頁到請求此通過送HTTP請求為服務的客戶端在網絡
　　(b) Basic capabilities基本的能力
　　- Security services安全部門
　　- File transfer protocol文件傳送規約
　　- Search engine搜索引擎
　　- Data capture數據捕獲
　　(c) Types of services on the web數據庫服務器-設計訪問具體信息與數據庫
　　- Database server – designed to access specific information with a database
　　- Ad server – designed to deliver targeted banner ads廣告服務器-設計交付被瞄準的橫幅ads
　　- Mail server – provides mail messages郵件服務器-提供郵件消息
　　- Video server – serves video clips視頻服務器-服務錄像剪輯
　　(d) Web client
　　- Aany computing device attached to the internet that is capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages, most commonly a window PC or Macintosh網絡客戶端-任何計算的設備附有是能做HTTP請求和顯示HTML頁，通常窗口個人計算機或Macintosh的互聯網

　　The internet and the web: features
　　(a) E-mail
　　- The most-used application of the internet, uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound and video clips to be transferred from on internet user to another互聯網的最半新應用，使能消息的用途一系列的協議包含從在互聯網用戶將轉移的文本、圖像，聲音和錄像剪輯到另一個
　　- Attachment is a file inserted within the e-mail message
　　- Spam is unsolicited e-mail發送同樣的消息到多個新聞組是未經請求的電子郵件
　　(b) Search engines
　　- Identifies web pages that appear to match keywords, also called queries, typed by the user and provides a list of the best matches辨認看上去匹配主題詞，也稱詢問，鍵入由用戶的網頁并且提供最佳的比賽名單
　　(c) Intelligent agents (BOTS) 智能工具
　　- Software programs that gather and/or filter information on a specific topic and then provide a list of results for the user軟件程序聚集和過濾器信息關於一個具體題目為用戶然後提供結果名單
　　(d) Instant messaging立即傳訊
　　Displays word typed on a computer almost instantaneously, making the communication more like a live conversation that is possible through e-mail在計算機幾乎瞬間地鍵入的顯示詞，做通信更可能通過電子郵件是可能的一次活交談
　　- Chat – enables users to communicate via computer in real time, that is, simultaneously在真正的時間使用戶通過計算機溝通，即，同時

　　Music, video, and other standard files
　　(a) Streaming media流出的媒介
　　- Enables music, video, and other larger files to be sent to users in chunks so that when received and played, the file comes through uninterrupted當接受和演奏，文件通過不間斷時，來-流出的媒介-在大塊使能音樂、錄影和其他更大的文件將被送到用戶，以便
　　(b) Cookies
　　- A tool used by web to store information about a user網使用的工具存儲關於用戶的信息
　　- A small text file stored on the user’s computer with information about the user to more quickly load the site in the future在用戶的計算機迅速存放的一個小文本文件以關於用戶的信息對裝載站點在將來

　　Internet II: emerging features and services湧現的特點和服務
　　(a) IP telephonyIP電話
　　- A general term for the technologies that use VOIP and the internet’s packed-switched network to transmit voice and other forms of audio communication over the internet一個一般用語為使用VOIP和互聯網的包裝被交換的網絡傳送聲音和音頻通信的其他形式在互聯網的技術
　　- Voice over internet protocol (VOIP)聲音結束互聯網協議(VOIP)
　　- Protocol that allows for transmission of voice and other forms of audio communication over the internet考慮到聲音傳輸和音頻通信的其他形式在互聯網的協議
　　(b) Digital libraries數字式圖書館
　　- Distribution of application software, multimedia, and other services on a fee basis by application service providers (ASP)應用軟件、多媒體和其他服務的發行根據費依據由應用服務提供者
　　(c) Distributed storage分佈的存貯
　　- ASPs can assist both in processing data and strong it, dispersing it to multiple services rather than having is reside on oneASPs可能協助兩個在處理數據，并且強它，分散它到多項服務而不是有是居住在一个
　　(d) Distance learning
　　- One the biggest education initiatives in recent years, distance learning provides courses and degree programs online你近年來最大的教育主動性，遠距離學習在網上提供路線和學位課程

　　Internet II: emerging features and services
　　- Digital video – deliver better-than-broadcast quality video over the internet on demand數字式錄影-交付好比播放質量錄影在互聯網在要求時
　　- Video teleconferencing – significantly reduce the cost of video teleconferencing, making it affordable for most workers to share information that involves either and image or audio component錄影電信會議-極大減少錄影電信會議的費用，使它付得起為了多數工作者能分享介入和圖像或音頻組分的信息
　　- Tele-immersion – a merger of virtual reality and video conferencing, where participants can see each and collaborate on visual projects遠浸沒-虛擬現實和視頻會議合併，參加者在視覺項目能看其中每一和合作
　　- M-commerce applications – combining voice, data, images, audio, and video on one wireless device M商務應用-在一個無線電設備結合聲音、數據、圖像、音頻和錄影