19、V.不必要的重复引用 ...
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在英语中，一旦一件事情已经写出来了，后面的引用一半都可以缩略。缩略的办法有很多，究竟用哪一个取决于这件事的表达是基于动词还是基于名词。
如果这件事的表达基于动词，那么后续的引用一般可以用“do so这样做”“do this做这个”“do the same做相同的事”做替换表达。
A：It took three years for rural reform to show results, and it will take longer, three to five years, for urban reform to show results整整三年农村改革才有了成果，而可能
要三到五年或者更久城市改革才会有成效。
B：It took three years for rural reform to show results, and it will take longer, three to five years, for urban reform to do so整整三年农村改革才有了成果，而可能
要三到五年或者更久城市改革才会有成效。
A：The United States needs to extend trade privileges to China permanently.Chen says that only by making those privileges permanent can the U.s. government ensure the long-term stability of American investments in China美方应当将贸易特权永久延伸到中国。陈说只有让贸易权永久，美方才能确保在这里投资的长期稳定性。
B：The United States needs to extend trade privileges to China permanently.Chen says that only by doing this privileges permanent can the U.s. government ensure the long-term stability of American investments in China美方应当将贸易特权永久延伸到中国。陈说只有这样做，美方才能确保在这里投资的长期稳定性。
A：We must strengthen our leadership and quickly correct our deficiencies as a means of mobilizing and developing the potential of our intellectuals. To mobilize and develop the potential of our intellectuals，we must first of all我们必须强化我们的领导能力，迅速纠正错误，以此动员发展潜在的知识分子。为了动员和发展潜在的知识分子，我们首先要...
B：We must strengthen our leadership and quickly correct our deficiencies so as to mobilize our intellectuals and develop their potential. To do this, we must first of all我们必须强化我们的领导能力，迅速纠正错误，以此动员知识分子，发挥他们的潜力。为此，我们要先...
[在这里为了给mobilizing动员一个更适合的宾语，原句中intellectuals知识分子可以动员，potential潜能是不能动员的]
如果在这里是更常见的，基于名词和修饰语的表达，就有很多方法来简化重复引用。这里我们只提出三个通用的方法，还有一个只在某些特殊场合才适用的方法：
1.删除修饰语
2.用总结性名词来替换原来的表达
3.用代词来替换原来的表达
4.特殊场合用缩写替换原来的表达
下面是每个办法的例句
1.删除修饰语
重复引用名词和修饰语可以直接简化为只用单独一个名词，在下面的例子中我们可以看到，句意依旧完好保留，只要确保删去的词是真的不必要。
A：The National Conference on iron and steel Production was held in Beijing from this date to that by such-and-such a ministry under the auspices of so-and-so. The national Conference on Iron and Steel Production drew up a national plan for this and laid down the principle of doing that全国钢铁生产大会由某某部在某某领导下主办，自即日起在北京召开。全国钢铁生产大会为此制定了一项全国计划，并定下了这样做的原则...
B：The National conference on iron and steel Production was held in Beijing from this date to that, by such-and-such a ministry under the auspices of so-and-so.The Conference drew up a national plan for this and laid down the principle of doing that全国钢铁生产大会由某某部在某某领导下主办，自即日起在北京召开。本次会议为此制定了一项全国计划，并定下了这样做的原则...
A：This year we ha-ve issued one hundred million fen of government bonds, which has done much to withdraw currency from circulation and stabilize prices. However, we issued more government bonds than necessary今年我们发型了一亿的国债，为稳定物价和规范货币流通起到重要作用。然而，我们发行的国债超出需要了。
B：This year we ha-ve issued one hundred million fen of government bonds, which has done much to withdraw currency from circulation and stabilize prices. However,we issued
more bonds than necessary今年我们发型了一亿的这个国债，为稳定物价和规范货币流通起到重要作用。然而，我们发行的国债超出需要了。
另外一个删除重复引用中的修饰语的方法是用一个简单的词语代表原来的词。用来达成这个目的的词通常是指示形容词（this，that，these，those）还有可行使形容词功能的物主代词（my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their）：
A：For our part, we ha-ve already made a concession by putting forward the principle of\"one country, two systems.We believe that eventually our motherland will be reunified based on the principle of \"one country, two systems对我们来说，我们已经做出了让步，提出了一国两制的政策，我们也相信一国两制的政策能够使我们...
B：For our part, we ha-ve already made a concession by putting forward the principle of\"one country, two systems.We believe that eventually our motherland will be reunified on the basis of that principle对我们来说，我们已经做出了让步，提出了一国两制的政策，我们也相信在这项政策的基础上我们能够...
A：Government sources reveal that Japanese manufacturers are stepping up their efforts to establish auto-parts joint ventures in China. Up to now 18 Japanese companies have set up 25 auto-parts joint ventures in a dozen provinces in China政府消息人士透露，某国制造商正加紧在我国建立汽车零部件合资企业。迄今为止，已有18家某国公司在我国十几个省份成立了25家汽车零部件合资企业
B：Government sources reveal that Japanese manufacturers are stepping up their efforts to establish auto-parts joint ventures in China. 18 Japanese companies have set up 25 such ventures in a dozen provinces.政府消息人士透露，某国制造商正加紧在我国建立汽车零部件合资企业。已有18家某国公司在我国十几个省份成立了25家企业。
2.用总结性名词来替换原来的表达
在上面给出的例句中，原版本中的名词（principle，ventures）只需要用一个指示形容词来代替它们所携带的修饰语就可以了。但是有时候，需要用一个总结性的名词，附带可有可无的形容词，就可以整齐地总结原句中整个要替换的表达。
A：it [the problem of bureaucracy and commandis-m] means failure to make clear the policy limits and the proper style of work when giving assignments, in other words, failure to give the cadres at the middle and lower levels receiving assignments thorough instructions on policy limits and proper style of work它[官僚主义和命令主义的问题]指的是在分配任务是没能厘清政策界限和工作作风，换句话说，没能在下发任务时给中下层干部做正确的政策界限和工作作风的指导。
B：it means failure to make clear the policy limits and the proper style of work when giving assignments, in other words failure to give cadres at the middle and lower levels receiving assignments thorough instructions on these matters它指的是在分配任务是没能厘清政策界限和工作作风，换句话说，没能在下发任务时给中下层干部做正确这方面的的指导。
A：We must adhere to the principle that economic development relies on science and technology, while development of science and technology is geared to the needs of economic development, and promote the organic combination of science and technology with the economy
我们必须坚持经济发展依靠科学技术，科学技术发展适应经济发展需要的方针，促进科学技术与经济的有机结合。
B：We must adhere to the principle that the development of economy relies on science and technology, while development of science and technology is geared to the needs of economy，The two must be organically combined (or: must be integrated）我们必须坚持经济发展依靠科学技术，科学技术发展适应经济发展需要的方针，促进两者有机结合。
[原句中的economic development改为了the development of economy以便和后面的development of science and technology形成并列结构]
A：The practice of the past decade has proved that the lines principles, and policies adopted by the Party since the Third Plenary session of the eleventh Central Committee are correct and that it is correct to carry out the reform and opening up., The reform and opening up will not be accomplished in a short period of time十多年来的实践证明，某会议以来的方针政策是正确的，某政策的方向是正确的。某政策不会在短时间内完成。
B：The practice of the past decade has proved that the lines principles, and policies adopted by the Party since the Third Plenary session of the Eleventh Central Committee are correct and that we are right to carry out the reform and opening up,... These two tasks will not be completed in a short time十多年来的实践证明，某会议以来的方针政策是正确的，某政策的方向是正确的。这两项政策不会在短时间内完成。
[原句中第二次使用的correct改为了right以免重复使用相同的词语
复习：a short period of time短时间的意思和a short time没有区别，所以period是多余的名词]
作者有话说
第19章 V.不必要的重复引用
