2、《自然》-研究人员如何有助于应对 2022 年以后的气候变化 选自《自然 ...
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今天我们要阅读和“环境”话题有关的文章，这篇文章选自2022年1月5日《自然》社论文章Editorial，全文885字，删减后为473字。
那俺为什么要选这篇文章呢？2022 年考研英语一阅读理解 text3 文章就选自2021年2月24日《自然》杂志的社论文章。《自然》杂志啊，顶顶有名的C刊啊！
Late last year, the major climate summit (COP26) in Glasgow, UK, injected much
needed momentum into the political and business community in the fight to stop
climate change. The year ahead represents an opportunity for scientists of all stripes to offer up expertise and ensure that they have a voice in this monumental effort.
Science is already baked into the UN’s formal climate agenda for 2022. Combined with last year’s report on climate science, the governments of the world will have a solid review of the state-of-the-art of research on climate change. But the research community’s work stretches far beyond the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
At the top of governments’ climate agenda is innovation. Existing technologies such as wind and solar power, whose price has plummeted over the past decade, and more
efficient lighting, buildings and vehicles will help to reduce emissions. But if green energy is to push out fossil fuels and fulfil the rising demand for reliable power in low-income countries, scientists and engineers will be needed to solve a range of problems. These include finding ways to cut the price of grid-scale electricity storage and to address technical challenges that arise when integrating massive amounts of intermittent renewable energy. Research will also be required to provide a new generation of affordable vehicles powered by electricity and hydrogen, and low carbon fuels for those that are harder to electrify.
Even in the most optimistic scenarios, such clean-energy deployments are unlikely to
be enough to enable countries to keep their climate commitments. More innovation
will also be needed. These have yet to be tested and demonstrated at any significant
scale. Governments and funders also need to support scientists in efforts to understand the safety and efficacy of various controversial geoengineering technologies. In addition to enabling green innovation, scientists have an important part to play in evaluating climate policies and tracking commitments made by governments and businesses. Many of the initiatives that gained traction at COP26 need science to succeed. That includes evaluating how climate finance — money that wealthy nations have committed to help low-income nations to curb emissions and cope with climate change — is spent. Research is also needed to understand the impacts of carbon offsets and carbon trading, for which new rules were agreed at COP26.
Climate science, too, must continue apace, helping governments and the public to
understand the impact of climate change. Attribution science will also feed into an
ongoing geopolitical debate about who should pay for the rising costs of climate
related natural disasters, as many low-income countries seek compensation from
wealthy countries that are responsible for the bulk of the greenhouse-gas emissions so far.
A new agreement made at COP26 that requires governments to report annually on
their climate progress should help to maintain pressure on them to act on climate
change. But science and innovation will be equally important to driving ever-bolder
climate policies.
一、Read the article and finish the reading task. 阅读文章，并完成阅读任务。
More-efficient lighting, buildings and vehicles are mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______
【A】a contrasting case
【B】a supporting example
【C】a background story
【D】a related topic
这道题是模仿2020年英语一Text1（选自2018年12月30日英国《卫报》）的第24题。这里需要请出我们的四步解题法：
第一步：划-划关键词，小口诀：大写标点强提醒
More-efficient lighting, buildings and vehicles are mentioned in Paragraph 3 to
present ______
第二步：找-找定位句
②Existing technologies such as wind and solar power, whose price has plummeted
over the past decade, and more-efficient lighting, buildings and vehicles will help to reduce emissions.
第三步：定-精确定位句，通常和第二步一起做
①At the top of governments’ climate agenda is innovation.
第四步：词汇映射关系。
【B】a supporting example
二、全文结构
假设词汇量有限的前提条件下，如何在模拟真实考场阅读环境中高效阅读。
第一段，首先看这一段有几个句子，然后找句子的主语，这一段我就读完了，我们来试试。第一句话时间状语 late last year和第二句话的主语 the year ahead是时间对比，第一句话的主语是 the climate summit，那我们就能预测这段的大意了，你看这个句型结构：The climate summit did sth into sth and sth. The year in the future does sth for sb to offer sth and ensure that...，那本段的重点是第一句话还是第二句话呢？当然，重点是第二句话，今年科学家们要做的事情。
第二段利用一致性原则和逻辑性原则可以把句型看成：第一句主语 science，第二句..science, the governments...research...第三句but the research....你有没有发现这三句话之间的结构关系其实就是逻辑性原则链式结构。
第三段第一句话是主题句：政府 government/创新 innovation。那么 innovation 是什么呢？第二句话：technologies and lighting, buildings and vehicles will....句子环环相扣链式结构。第三句话：but if green energy..., scientists and engineers will ... 而本句话中的 green energy 指的就是第二句话中的主语，句子环环相扣，链式结构。第四句话：these include... 主语 these 是指示代词，往回看你就能找到它指代 to solve a range of problems。第五句话：Research will also...看到 also，那就表明政府的innovation结束，本句侧重讲research 需要做的工作
总结：第二段预测科学 Science、政府 governments 和研究 research 的关系就确
定了（政府要创新，能源，科学家解决问题，研究）那么下一段会如何展开呢？
第四段第一句话：even ... 递进关系，根据主语一致原则：主语 such clean-energy 就是上一段 technologies、more-efficient lighting, buildings and vehicles 和 green
energy 的同义替换，那么，这一段就是接着第三段内容展开。第二句：More innovation will also...+第三句：these ...（指的就是 More innovation）第四句：Governments and funders also...to support scientists句子主语找到，梳理清楚句间逻辑，你发现你的阅读速度就上来了，至于谁做了啥？冤有头债有主，你就找到这个对应的主语即可，然后来看细节。阅读技巧是可以通过在阅读材料中不断运用从而达到的一种技能。
第五段第一句话的前半句 in addition to enabling green innovation 就是对前面第三段和第四段的总结，如果你读不懂这两段，那么你看到 green innovation 也应该知道他们在讲什么，第一句话的后半句重点在主语 scientists....第二句话也提到science，第三句话展开讲 science 包含什么，作者用了指示代词 that includes....最后一句的落脚点还是 research，also 仍然和本段的 science 保持并列关系（平行结构）。
第六段的主语很明确：climate science，谓语和状语结构是 must continue apace, helping governments and the public...读懂这个主谓宾，分词状语，你就知道本段就是说 climate science 要发挥作用了。这段难理解的就是 attribution science，不认识这个词也没关系，因为上义词会被下义词进一步解释和说明，那么你试试读这句话：who should pay for the rising costs of climate-related natural disasters。那我再问你，这个话的主语是谁？没错，是 who，谓语是should pay for...这逻辑清楚了吗？冤有头债有主，谁闹事谁负责，如果你还读不懂，你继续读 as 这个句话，as many low-income countries seek compensation from wealthy countries that are responsible for the bulk of the greenhouse-gas emissions so far. 因此，我们可以推断 attribution science 就是到底问题归谁负责，谁出了问题谁就要赔钱。
最后一段第一句话看到大写的COP26可以得知是第一段中提到的climate summit，这句话就是总结了峰会上达成的协议 a new agreement，第二句话 but 后。science 和innovation都重要。那么你能对应 science 在哪一段，innovation 是哪一段了吗？
四、词汇
（一）大纲词汇
1. major [?me?d??r] adj. very large or important 主要的；重要的；大的
2. majority n. 大部分，大多数
3. inject [?n\'d??kt] v. ~ sth (into sth) to give money to an organization, a project, etc. so that it can function （给…）投入（资金）
4. momentum [mo\'m?nt?m] n. the ability to keep increasing or developing 推进力；动力；势头
5. represent [?r?pr?\'z?nt] v. if something represents another thing, it is
that thing / to be something / be equal to 等于，相当于，意味着=【S】constitute
6. representative n. 代表
7. opportunity [?ɑp?\'tun?ti] n. ~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth/for doing sth) | ~ (of doing sth) a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve sth 机会；时机
8. stripe [stra?p] n. a type, category or opinion 种类；类型；观点
9. offer [\'?f?] v. ~ sth (to sb) (for sth) | ~ sb sth to say that you are willing to do sth for sb or give sth to sb 主动提出；自愿给予
10. expert [?eksp??rt] n. 专家
11. expertise [\'?ksp?\'tiz]n. ~ (in sth/in doing sth) expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject, activity or job 专门知识；专门技能；专长
12. ensure [?n\'??r] v. ( especially in NAmE in·sure ) to make sure that sth happens or is definite 保证；担保；确保
13. monument /?mɑ?njum?nt/ n. a building that has special historical importance 历史遗迹；有历史价值的建筑
14. effort [\'?f?t] n. ~ (to do sth) an attempt to do sth especially when it is difficult to do 艰难的尝试；试图；尽力
15. bake in/into [be?k ?n/??ntu] to make something a fixed feature of something 包括=【S】include/ involve
16. formal [\'f?rml] adj. official; following an agreed or official way of doing things 正式的；合乎规矩的 【A】informal
17. agenda [?\'d??nd?] n. a list of items to be discussed at a meeting （会议的）议程表，议事日程 词根 ag=to，
18. agent [?e?d??nt] n. 代理人
19. agency [?e?d??nsi] n. 代理机构
20. combine with [k?m?ba?n w??] v. ~ (sth) (with sth) | ~ A and B (together) to come together to form a single thing or group; to join two or more things or groups together to form a single one （使）结合，组合，联合，混合
21. solid [\'sɑl?d] adj. that you can rely on; having a strong basis 可靠的；可信赖的；坚实的=【S】reliable
22. review [r?\'vju] n. a report on a subject or on a series of events 报告；汇报；述评；回顾
23. stretch [str?t?] v. to go as far as or past the usual limit of something 达到或超过
24. beyond [b?\'jɑnd] adv. more than sth 超出；除…之外
25. at the top of [?t ?? tɑ?p ?v] n. the ~ (of sth) the highest or most important rank or position 最高的级别；最重要的职位
26. innovation [??n?\'ve??n] n. the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing sth （新事物、思想或方法的）创造；创新；改革
27. exist [?ɡ?z?st] v. to be real; to be present in a place or situation 存在；实际上有
28. efficient [??f???nt] adj. doing sth well and thoroughly with no waste of time, money, or energy 效率高的；有能力的
29. vehicle [\'vi?kl] n. a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another, such as a car or lorry/truck 交通工具；车辆
30. help [h?lp] v. If you say that something helps, you mean that it makes something easier to do or get, or that it improves a situation to some extent. 有助于
31. reduce [r?\'d?s] v. ~ sth (from sth) (to sth) | ~ sth (by sth) to make sth
less or smaller in size, quantity, price, etc. 减少，缩小（尺寸、数量、价格等）
32. emit [?\'m?t] v. to send out sth such as light, heat, sound, gas, etc. 发出，射出，散发（光、热、声音、气等）
33. emission [?\'m???n] n. the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc. （光、热、气等的）发出，射出，排放
34. push out [p?? a?t] to make sth less important than it was; to replace sth 减少…的重要性；使失势；替换
35. fossil fuel [\'f?s?l .fju?l] 化石燃料
36. fulfil [ful\'fil] v. to do or achieve what was hoped for or expected 实现
37. reliable [r?\'la??bl] adj. that can be trusted to do sth well; that you can rely on 可信赖的；可依靠的
38. solve [s?lv] v.to find a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation 解决；处理
39. include [?n\'klud] v. if one thing includes another, it has the second thing as one of its parts 包括；包含
40. store [st?r] v. ~ sth (away/up) to put sth somewhere and keep it there to use later 贮存；贮藏；保存
41. storage [\'st?r?d?] n. the process of keeping sth in a particular place until it is needed; the space where things can be kept 贮存，贮藏（空间）
42. address [?\'dr?s] v. ~ (yourself to) sth ( formal ) to think about a problem or a situation and decide how you are going to deal with it 设法解决；处理；对付
43. technology/tech [tek?nɑ?l?d?i/tek]n. scientific knowledge used in practical ways in industry, for example in designing new machines 科技；工艺；工程技术；技术学；工艺学
44. technique [t?k\'nik] n. a particular way of doing sth, especially one in which you have to learn special skills 技巧；技艺；工艺
45. technician [t?k\'n???n] n. a person whose job is keeping a particular type of equipment or machinery in good condition 技术员；技师
46. technical [\'t?kn?kl] adj. connected with the practical use of machinery, methods, etc. in science and industry 技术的；技能的；工艺的
47. integrate [??nt?ɡre?t] v. ~ (A) (into/with B) | ~ A and B to combine
two or more things so that they work together; to combine with sth else in this way （使）合并，成为一体
48. intermittent [??nt?r?m?t?nt]adj. stopping and starting often over a period of time, but not regularly 断断续续的；间歇的
49. research [\'ris?t?] n. (BrE researches) a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it 研究；调查；探索
50. require [r?\'kwa?r] v. to need sth; to depend on sb/sth 需要；依靠；依赖
51. provide [pr?\'va?d] v. ~ sb (with sth) | ~ sth (for sb) to give sth to sb or make it available for them to use 提供；供应；给予
52. afford [?\'f?rd] v. to have enough money or time to be able to buy or to do sth 买得起；（有时间）做，能做
53. affordable [?\'f?rd?bl] adj. If something is affordable, most people have enough money to buy it. 多数人支付得起的
54. power [\'pa??] n. = electricity; v. to supply a machine or vehicle with the energy that makes it work 驱动，推动（机器或车辆）
55. powerful [\'pa??fl] adj. having great power or force; very effective强有力的；力量大的；很有效的
56. electric [??l?ktr?k] adj. connected with electricity; using, produced by or producing electricity 电的；用电的；电动的；发电的
57. electrical [?\'l?ktr?kl] adj. connected with electricity; using or producing electricity 电的；用电的；发电的
58. electricity [?\'l?k\'tr?s?ti] n. a form of energy from charged elementary particles , usually supplied as electric current through cables, wires,
etc. for lighting, heating, driving machines, etc. 电；电能
59. electron [?\'l?ktrɑn] n. ( physics 物 ) a very small piece of matter (=a substance) with a negative electric charge, found in all atoms 电子
60. electronic [?,l?k\'trɑn?k] adj. ( of a device 装置 ) having or using many small parts, such as microchips , that control and direct a small electric current 电子的；电子器件的
61. optimistic [,ɑpt?\'m?st?k] adj. ~ (about sth) | ~ (that...) expecting good things to happen or sth to be successful; showing this feeling 乐观的；抱乐观看法的
62. scenario [s?\'n?r?o] n. a description of how things might happen in the future 设想；方案；预测
63. deploy [d?\'pl??] v. to use sth effectively 有效地利用；调动；部署军队
64. enable [??neb?l] v. to make it possible for sb to do sth 使能够；使有机会=【S】allow
65. commit [k?\'m?t] v. ~ sb/yourself (to sth/to doing sth) [ often passive ] to promise sincerely that you will definitely do sth, keep to an
agreement or arrangement, etc. 承诺，保证（做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等）
66. yet [j?t] adv. used in negative sentences and questions to talk about sth that has not happened but that you expect to happen （用于否定句和疑问句，谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事）
67. test [test] v. sth (on sth/for sth) | ~ sth out to use or try a machine,
substance, etc. to find out how well it works or to find out more information
about it 试验；检验；测试
68. demonstrate [\'d?m?n\'stret] v. ~ sth (to sb) to show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence 证明；证实；论证；说明
69. significant [s?ɡ\'n?f?k?nt] adj. large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticed 有重大意义的；显著的
70. scale [skel] n. ~ (of sth) the size or extent of sth, especially when compared with sth else （尤指与其他事物相比较时的）规模，范围，程度
71. fund [f?nd]v. to provide money for sth, usually sth official 为…提供资金；拨款给
72. safe [sef] adj. ~ (from sb/sth) protected from any danger or harm 处境（或情况）安全
73. safety [\'sefti] n. the state of being safe and protected from danger or harm 安全；平安
74. safeguard [\'sefɡɑrd] v. ~ sth/sb (against/from sth) | ~ against sth (formal) to protect sth/sb from loss, harm or damage; to keep sth/sb safe 保护；
保障；捍卫
75. effect [?\'f?kt] n. ~ (on sb/sth) a change that sb/sth causes in sb/sth else; a result 效应；影响；结果
76. effective [?\'f?kt?v] adj. producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result 产生预期结果的；有效的
77. efficiency [?\'f???nsi] n. the quality of doing sth well with no waste of time or money 效率；效能；功效
78. efficient [??f???nt] adj. doing sth well and thoroughly with no waste of time, money, or energy 效率高的；有能力的
79. add [?d] v. ~ sth (to sth) to put sth together with sth else so as to increase
the size, number, amount, etc. 增加；加添
80. addition [?\'d???n] n. the process of adding two or more numbers together to find their total 加；加法
81. in addition to [?n ??d??n tu] used when you want to mention another person or thing after sth else 除…以外（还）
82. additional [?\'d???nl] (=extra) adj. more than was first mentioned or is usual 附加的；额外的；外加的
83. evaluate [?\'v?lj?\'et] v. to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality
of sth after thinking about it carefully 估计；评价；评估=【S】assess
84. policy [\'p?l?si] n.~ (on sth) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc. 政策；方针
85. track [tr?k] v. to follow the progress or development of sb/sth 跟踪（进展情况）
86. initiative [??n???t?v] n. a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose 倡议；新方案
87. gain [ɡen] v. to obtain sth 获得；得到
88. finance [f??n?ns] n. ~ (for sth) money used to run a business, an activity
or a project 资金
89. wealth [w?lθ] n. a large amount of money, property, etc. that a person or
country owns 钱财；财产；财物；财富90. wealthy [\'w?lθi] adj. having a lot of money, possessions, etc. 富有的；富裕的；富饶的=【S】rich
91. curb [k?b] v. to control or limit sth, especially sth bad 控制，抑制，限定，约束（不好的事物）=【S】check
92. attribute [?\'tr?bjut] v. ~ sth to sth to say or believe that sth is the result of a particular thing 把…归因于；认为…是由于
93. bulk [b?lk] n. the ~ (of sth) the main part of sth; most of sth 主体；大部分
94. annual [\'?nju?l] adj. happening or done once every year 每年的；一年一次的；年度的
95. annually [??nj??l?] adv. once a year 一年一次地
96. maintain [men\'ten] v. keep sth at the same level or state 维持，保持
97. press [pr?s] v. ~ (sth/sb/yourself) against sth | ~ sth to sth | ~ sth
together to push sth closely and firmly against sth; to be pushed in this way（被）压，挤，推，施加压力
98. pressure [\'pr???] n. 压力
99. act on [?kt ɑ?n] v. to take action as a result of advice, information, etc. 根据（建议、信息等）行事
100. drive [dra?v] v. to influence sth or cause it to make progress 激励；促进；推进
101. bold [bo?ld] adj. ( of people or behaviour 人或举止 ) brave and confident; not afraid to say what you feel or to take risks 大胆自信的；敢于表
白情感的；敢于冒险的
（二）超纲词汇
1. 【超纲】monumental [?mɑ?nju?mentl] adj. very important and having a great
influence, especially as the result of years of work 重要的；意义深远的；不朽的=【S】historic
2. 【超纲】state-of-the-art [?ste?t ?v ?i ?ɑ?rt] adj. the level of development (as
of a device, procedure, process, technique, or science) reached at any particular
time usually as a result of modern methods（技术上）最先进的
3. 【超纲】existing [?ɡ\'z?st??] adj. 现有的
4. 【超纲】plummet [\'pl?m?t] v. to fall suddenly and quickly from a high level
or position 暴跌；速降=【S】 plunge
5. 【超纲】grid [ɡr?d] n. a system of electric wires or pipes carrying gas, for
sending power over a large area （输电线路、天然气管道等的）系统网络；输电网；煤气输送网 the national grid 国家电网 grid-scale 电网
6. 【超纲】low-carbon [\'l??kɑ?b?n] adj. 低碳的
7. 【超纲】electrify [?\'l?ktr?\'fai] v. [ usually passive ] to make sth work by using electricity; to pass an electrical current through sth 使电气化；使通电；使带电
8. 【超纲】deployment [d?\'pl??m?nt] n. 调动；部署
9. 【超纲】commitment [k?\'m?tm?nt] n. ~ (to sb/sth) | ~ to do sth a promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way; a promise to support sb/sth; the fact of committing yourself 承诺；许诺；允诺承担；保证
10. 【超纲】funder [?f?nd?r] a person or an organization that provides money for a particular purpose 基金赞助者；提供资金者
11. 【超纲】efficacy [\'?f?k?si] n. the ability of sth, especially a drug or a medical treatment, to produce the results that are wanted （尤指药物或治疗方法的）功效，效验，效力=【S】effectiveness
12. 【超纲】attribution [??tr??bju??n] n. 归因
13. 【超纲】feed into [fi?d ??nt?] to have an influence on the development of sth 对...的发展产生影响
14. 【超纲】ongoing [\'ɑnɡo??] adj. continuing to exist or develop 持续存在的；仍在进行的；不断发展的
15. 【超纲】geopolitical [?d?i?o?p??l?t?kl] geo-political adj. 地缘政治的
五、词汇练习
This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six story brick building?
What does the underlined word \"hoist\" mean?
A.change B. lift C. repair D. decorate
I guess that there\'s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heart strings.
What does the underlined phrase \"tug at the heart strings\" mean?
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feelings.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger
fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of
travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no
option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. （2021年考研英语一 Text1）
21. The author holds that this year\'s increase in rail passenger fares
[A] has kept pace with inflation
[B] is a big surprise to commuters
[C] remains an unreasonable measure
[D] will ease train operator\'s burden
作者有话说
第2章 《自然》-研究人员如何有助于应对 2022 年以后的气候变化
