《碎碎念》羽清月

6、知识点小记1

　　osmosis渗透：the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane,whether artificial or cellular
　　总之就是是选择一些特定的膜才能进入。
　　osmotic pressure渗透压:the attraction exerted by solutes in the solution
　　注：单位体积中solute变大，C变大，对水的吸引力变大，渗透压大。
　　osmolarity渗透浓度：total solute concentration expressed as molarity(moles of solute per liter of solution)单位：osm/L
　　人在口渴的时候不可以喝海水，因为海水浓度比人体血液大，喝了之后会导致细胞萎缩。可躺在海上不会有事，因为皮肤会起到保护作用。
　　isotonic等渗:two sides of the membrane have the same solute concentration. No net movement of water.C外=C内 turgid
　　hypertonic高渗:the environment outside of the cell has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell itself.C外>C内 flaccid
　　hypotonic低渗（只有植物有）:the environment outside of the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell itself.C外　　water balance of human:
　　water gain
　　-ingested in liquid
　　-ingested in food
　　-derived from metabolism
　　water loss
　　-urine尿液
　　-evaporation比如出汗
　　-feces排泄，有75%是水

　　关于肾。
　　-situated low in the abdominal cavity(腹腔）, near the back
　　所以说挖肾要从背面挖，从正面会误伤器官。
　　当然有事没事都不要去挖。
　　-essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions(eg.water balance)
　　-the cortex on the outside and the medulla on the inside can be seen
　　-in the center is the renal pelvis, which is drained by the ureter尿管
　　尿管连接的是肾到膀胱那一段，不是膀胱到出去。
　　词汇
　　Glomerulus肾小球
　　Bowman\'s Capsule肾小囊
　　Proximal Tubule肾小管
　　Loop of Henle肾小管
　　Pistal Tubule肾小管
　　Collecting Duct集合管
　　Nephron肾单元
　　尿液出去的过程
　　blood->glomerulus->Bowman\'s Capsule->kidney tubule->collecting duct->ureter->urinary bladder->urethra->outside
　　注glomerulus->Bowman\'s Capsule->kidney tubule这段是crude/primary urine（原尿）
　　而collecting duct->ureter->urinary bladder->urethra->outside这段是urine（尿液）