《討厭的東西(非文勿進)》路人某某

7、7

　　Service industries
　　(a) Service industries are those establishments providing services to consumers, businesses, governments, and other organizations
　　服務行業是提供服務的那些創立給消費者、企業、政府和其他組織
　　(b) Major services industry groups are finance, insurance, real estate, business services, and health services
　　主要服務行業小組是財務、保險、不動產，經營業務和衛生業務
　　(c) These groups are categorized as:
　　- Transaction brokering – acting as an intermediary to facilitate a transaction交易中介-作為中介促進交易
　　- Providing a “hands-on” service提供「實踐」服務
　　(d) Most important feature of service industries is that they are knowledge and information intense
　　服務行業多數重要特點是他們是知識和信息強烈
　　(e) To add value, they process a great deal of information and employ a high skilled, educated work force
　　增加價值，他們處理很多信息并且使用強熟練，教育的力量
　　(f) Suited to e-business services and the strength of the internet
　　適合與電子商務服務和互聯網的力量
　　(g) These firms have the ability to:
　　- Collect, store, and disseminate high value information收集，存儲，并且傳播高值信息
　　- Provide reliable, fast communications; and提供可靠，快速的通信
　　- Personalize and customize service or components of service個人化并且定做服務服務或組分

　　Online travel services
　　- Attract the largest single e-business audience吸引最大的唯一電子商務觀眾
　　- Large slice of B2C revenuesB2C收支大切片
　　- Most common channel used by consumers to research travel options消費者使用的多數普通通道研究旅行選擇
　　- Most common way for people to search for the best possible process and look reservation for airline tickets, rental cars, hotel rooms, cruises and tours多數共同的方式為人到查尋最好過程和神色保留為飛機票、出租車、旅館客房、巡航和遊覽

　　Online travel services: successes
　　(a) Online travel sites offer consumers a one-stop convenient, leisure and business travel experience網上旅行站點提議消費者一次一次停頓的方便，休閒和企業旅行體驗
　　(b) Travelers can find content, community, commerce, and customer service旅客能發現內容、社區、商務和顧客服務
　　(c) Bring consumers and supplier together in a low transaction cost environment帶來消費者和供應商在一個低交易費用環境裡
　　(d) Offer more information and travel option than traditional travel agents比傳統旅行代理人
　　- Description of vacations and facilities假期和設施的描述提供更多信息并且旅行選擇
　　- Chat groups and bulletin boards閒談小組和海報欄
　　- Convenience of purchasing all travel elements at one shop便利購買全部旅行元素在一家商店
　　(e) Travel is an information-intensive product and an electronic product in the sense that travel requirements can be accomplished for the most part online旅行是一個信息密集的產品，并且一個電子產品在移動要求的感覺可以至於大部分被完成在網上
　　(f) Travel does not require inventory and supplier are always looking for customers to fill excess capacity旅行不要求存貨，并且供應商總正在尋找顧客填裝超額能力
　　(g) Travel services do not require an expensive multi channel physical presence旅行服務不要求昂貴的多渠道物理存在
　　(h) Airline reservations and car rentals are best suited for the online market place預訂航班和出租汽車為網上市場是適合的

　　Evolution of B2B businessB2B事務的演變
　　- Automated order entry systems involve the use of telephone modems to send digital orders自動化的順序輸入系統介入對電話調制解調器的用途送數字式命令
　　- Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a communications standard for sharing business documents and settlement information among a small number of firms電子數據互換(EDI)是通信標準為共享商業文件和解決信息在很小數量的企業
　　- B2B electronic storefronts are simply online catalogs of products mad available to the public marketplace by a single supplierB2B電子商店是簡單地線上物品價目表產品瘋狂可利用對公開市場由一個唯一供應商
　　- Net marketplaces bring hundreds suppliers into a single internet-based environment to conduct trade淨市場帶領上百供應商進入一個唯一基於互聯網的環境給品行貿易
　　- Private industrial networks are internet-based communication environments that extent far beyond procurement to encompass truly collaborative commerce私有工業網絡是基於互聯網的通信環境那個程度在包含真實地合作商務的獲得之外

　　Potential benefits of B2B e-business
　　- Lower administration costs
　　- Lower search costs for buyers
　　- Reduce inventory costs by increasing competition among suppliers and reducing inventory to the bare minimum由競爭加劇減少存量成本在供應商之中和減少存貨到極小值
　　- Lower transaction costs by eliminating paperwork and automating parts of the procurement process更低的交易費用通過消滅文書工作和自動化獲得過程的部分
　　- increase production flexibility by ensuring delivery of parts “just in time”增加生產靈活性通過保證零件交付「及時」
　　- Improve quality of products by increasing cooperation among buyers and sellers and reducing issues經過增加合作在買家和賣主中和減少問題改進產品的質量
　　- decrease product cycle time by sharing designs and production schedules with suppliers減少產品週期通過分享設計和生產日程與供應商
　　- increase opportunities for collaborating with supplier and distributors為合作增加機會與供應商和經銷商
　　- Create greater price transparency – the ability to see the actual buy and sell prices in a market創造更加偉大的價格透明度-能力看實際買賣價格在市場上

　　Procurement process and supply chain獲得過程和供應鏈
　　- The way business purchases the goods they need in order to produce the goods they will ultimately sell to consumers式事務購買他們需要為了生產物品他們最後將賣對消費者的物品
　　- Firms purchases goods from a set of supplier who in turn purchases their inputs form a set of suppliers, these firms are lined in a series of connected transactions企業購買物品從反過來購買他們的輸入形式一套供應商的一套供應商，這些企業被排行參加一系列連接的交易
　　- Supply chain is the series of transactions that links sets of firm that do business with each other, it includes not only the firm themselves but also the relationship between them and the processes that connect them供應鏈是企業鏈結集做互相的生意交易的系列，它包括不僅企業，而且聯絡他們的他們和過程之間的關係

　　Procurement process: seven steps獲得過程：七步
　　- Searching for supplier for specials products搜尋供應商為專輯產品
　　- Qualifying the sellers and the products they sell合格賣主和他們賣的產品
　　- negotiating prices, credit terms, quality requirements, etc談判的價格、信用證條款、質量要求等等
　　- Issuing purchase order發布購買訂單
　　- Sending invoices送發貨票
　　- Shipping the product運輸產品
　　- Issuing payment發布付款

　　Type of Procurement
　　- Purchases of direct goods – goods that are directly involved in the production process直接物品購買的類型-在生產過程直接地介入的物品
　　- Purchases of indirect goods – goods needed to carry out the production process but that are not directly involved in creating the end product, often called MRO goods – maintenance, repair, and operations間接物品-必要的物品購買執行生產過程，而是那在創造沒有直接地介入最後產物，經常稱MRO物品-維護、修理和操作
　　- Contract purchases – long-term agreements to buy a specified amount of a product, there are pre-specified quality requirements and pre-specified terms合同購買-長期協議買指定的相當數量產品，那裡是被預先指定的質量要求和被預先指定的期限
　　- Spot purchases – for goods that meet the immediate needs of a firm, indirect goods are most often made on a spot purchase basis in a large marker space that includes many suppliers即時採購-為適應企業的直接需要的物品，間接物品在一個即時採購依據在包括許多供應商的大標誌空間經常被做

　　Multi-tier supply chains多層供應鏈
　　- The complex series of transaction that exists between a single form with multiple primary suppliers, the secondary supplier who do business with those primary suppliers, and the tertiary suppliers who do business with the secondary suppliers存在一個唯一形式與廣泛主要供應商，次要供應商做生意與那些主要供應商和三重供應商之間做生意與次要供應商交易的複雜系列

　　Trends in supply chain management趨向在供應鏈管理
　　(a) Supply chain management (SCM) refers to a wide variety of activities that firms and industries use to coordinate the key players in their procurement process變牢固的供應鏈管理(SCM)在他們的獲得過程中提到各種各樣的活動和產業使用協調關鍵球員
　　(b) Four major developments is supply chain management set the ground rules for understanding B2B e-business四主要發展是供應鏈管理設置了基本規則為瞭解B2B電子商務
　　- Supply chain simplification供應鏈簡單化
　　- Electronic data interchange (EDI) 電子數據互換(EDI)
　　- Supply chain management systems供應鏈管理系統
　　- Collaborative commerce合作商務

　　Supply chain simplification供應鏈簡單化
　　- The reduction of the size of a firm’s supply chain公司的供應鏈的大小的減少
　　- Firms work closely with a strategic group of supplier to reduce product costs and administrative costs企業嚴密與一個戰略小組供應商一起使用減少產品費用和管理費用
　　- Long term contract purchases containing pre-specified product quality requirements and pre-specified timing goals包含被預先指定的產品質量要求和被預先指定的計時的目標的長的期限合同購買
　　- Shown to improve and product quality and ensure uninterrupted production顯示改善和產品質量和保證不間斷的生產

　　Electronic data interchange電子數據互換
　　- Developed to reduce cost, delays, and errors internet in the manual exchanges of documents such purchase orders, shipping documents, price lists, payments, and customer data開發減少費用、延遲和錯誤互聯網在文件這樣購買訂單，託運文件、價格表、付款和顧客數據人工交換
　　- EDI differs from unstructured message because its messages are organized with distinct field for each of the important pieces of information因為它的消息組織與分明領域為信息，每一個重要片斷- EDI與無特定結構的消息不同
　　- EDI industry committees define the structure and information fields of electronic documents for that industryEDI產業委員會定義了電子文件的結構和信息領域為那產業

　　Supply chain management systems
　　- Coordinate and link the activities of supplier, shippers, and order entry systems to automate the order process form start to finish, including the purchase, production, and moving of a product from a supplier to a purchasing firm協調并且連接供應商、託運人和順序輸入系統的活動自動化命令過程形式開始完成，包括購買，生產和移動產品從供應商向一家購買的企業

　　Collaborative commerce合作商務
　　- The use of digital technologies to permit organizations to collaboratively design, develop, build, and manage products through their life cycles對數字技術的用途允許組織合作地設計，開發，修造，并且處理產品完成他們的生命週期

　　Main types of internet-based B2B business
　　(a) Net marketplace (also referred to as exchange or hubs) assemble thousand of sellers and buyers in a single digital marketplace on the internet淨市場(也指交換或插孔)在一個唯一數字式市場在互聯網集合一千賣主和買家
　　- They can be owned be either the buyer or the seller他們可以擁有是買家或賣主
　　- They can operate as independent intermediaries between the buyer and seller他們可以經營作為獨立中介在買家和賣主之間
　　(b) Private industrial networks bring together a small number of strategic business partners who collaborate with one another to develop highly efficient supply chains and to satisfy customer demand for product私有工業網絡帶來互相合作開發非常有效率的供應鏈和滿足對產品的顧客要求的很小數量的戰略商務夥伴
　　- They are by far the largest form of B2B business, presently comprising 93% of the total computer-assisted inter-firm trade他們是顯然，目前包括93%的B2B事務的最大的形式總計算機輔助的相互牢固的貿易

　　Net marketplaces: e-distributors
　　- Independently owned intermediaries that offer individual customers a single source from which to make spot purchases of indirect or MRO goods提供各自的顧客一個唯一來源做即時採購間接或MRO物品的獨立地擁有的中介
　　- Operate in a horizontal market that services many different industries with products from many different suppliers操作在為許多不同的產業服務與產品從許多不同的供應商的一個水平的市場上

　　Net marketplaces: e-procurement
　　- Independently owned intermediaries connecting hundreds of online suppliers offering millions of MRO goods to business firms who pay a fee to join the market聯絡數百網上供應商的獨立地擁有的中介提供成千上萬MRO物品為支付費加入市場的商號
　　- Operate in a horizontal market in which long-term contractual purchasing agreements are used to buy indirect goods操作在長期契約購買協議用於買間接物品的一個水平的市場上
　　- Provide value chain management services – include the automation of a firm’s entire procurement process on the buyer side and the automation of the selling business processes on the seller side提供價值鏈管理業務-包括公司的整個獲得過程的自動化在買家邊和銷售的業務流程的自動化在賣主邊

　　Net marketplace: exchanges
　　- Independently owned online marketplaces that connect hundreds of suppliers to potentially thousands of buyers in a dynamic real-time environment在一個動態實時環境裡聯絡數百供應商到潛在地數以萬計買家的獨立地擁有的網上市場
　　- Typically vertical markets in which spot purchases can be made for direct inputs (both goods and services)典型地即時採購可以為直接輸入被做的垂直的市場(物品和服務)
　　- Make money by charging a commission on each transaction掙金錢通過充電委員會在每種交易

　　Net marketplaces: industry consortia淨市場：產業財團
　　- Industry- owned vertical markets where long-term contractual purchases of direct inputs can be made from a limited set of invited participants產業擁有了垂直的市場，直接輸入長期契約購買可以由有限的套被邀請的參加者被做
　　- Serve to reduce supply chain inefficiencies by unifying the supply chain for an industry through a common network and computing platform服務減少供應鏈無效用通過成一體供應鏈為產業通過一個共同網絡和計算平臺

　　Private industrial network
　　- Dominate B2B business控制B2B事務
　　- Web-enable networks for coordinating trans-organization business processes (collaborative commerce)網使能網絡為協調的trans組織業務流程(合作商務)
　　- Range in scope from a single firm to an entire industry範圍在範圍從一家唯一企業到整個產業
　　- Central purpose is to provide industry-wide global solutions to achieve the highest levels of efficiency主要目的將提供業界範圍的全球性解答達到最高的效率標準
　　- Generally start with a single sponsoring company that “owns” the network通常開始以「擁有」網絡的一家唯一由主辦公司
　　- Differentiates private industrial networks from consortia that are usually owned collectively by major firms through equity participation區分私有工業網絡從由主要企業共同通常擁有通過參與股權的財團
　　- Transforming the supply chain by focusing on continuous business process coordination between companies變換供應鏈通過集中於連續的業務流程協調在公司之間
　　- Coordination includes product design, demand forecasting, asset management, and sales and marketing plans協調包括產品設計、需求預測、財產管理和銷售和營銷計劃

　　Characteristics of private industrial networks
　　- Developing efficient purchase and selling business processes industry-wide開發的高效率的購買和賣業務流程業界範圍
　　- Developing industry-wide resource planning to supplement enterprise-wide resource planning補充全企業範圍的資源計劃的開發的業界範圍的資源計劃
　　- Creating increasing supply chain visibility – knowing the inventory levels of buyers and sellers創造增長的供應鏈可見性-知道買家和賣主的庫存層
　　- Achieving closer buyer-supplier relationships, including demand forecasting, communications, and conflict resolution達到更加接近的買家供應商關係，包括需求預測，通信和衝突解決方案
　　- Operating on a global scale – globalization在全球範圍內操作-全球化
　　- Reducing industry risk by preventing imbalances of supply and demand, including developing financial derivatives, insurance, and futures markets減少產業風險通過防止供給和需求不平衡狀態，包括開發財政衍生物、保險和未來市場行情